Impressionism1874

The Dance Class

Edgar Degas

Curator's Eye

"About twenty ballerinas scatter across a rehearsal room with a receding floor. In the center, the old master Jules Perrot, leaning on his cane, gives his final instructions. Observe the naturalistic postures: one dancer scratches her back, another adjusts her earring, ignoring academic poses to reveal the human reality behind the spectacle."

A masterpiece of psychological Impressionism, this painting marks the pinnacle of Degas' interest in the ballet world. Far from the enchantment of performances, the artist plunges us into daily labor, capturing the moment of release and fatigue at the end of a lesson led by master Jules Perrot.

Analysis
A deep analysis of *The Dance Class* reveals Degas' singular position within the Impressionist movement. Unlike his contemporaries who favored the outdoors, Degas was the observer of enclosed spaces and artificial light. The style here is marked by a cold, almost clinical realism that refuses to idealize its subjects. He does not paint muses, but workers of the stage whose bodies are tools, often deformed by incessant exercise. The historical context is that of the Opera on Rue Le Peletier, shortly before its destruction by fire in 1873. This work is therefore a visual archive of a vanished location. Degas depicts a hierarchical micro-society: in the center, Jules Perrot embodies the authority of a bygone era, while the "petits rats" and their mothers, seated in the background, illustrate the social stakes of the time. For these girls from modest backgrounds, dance was the sole vector for social ascension. Degas' technique is revolutionary in its use of photographic framing. Influenced by Japanese prints, he uses a high, off-center perspective that "cuts" figures at the edge of the frame. This method creates an impression of immediacy and spontaneity, though the painting is the fruit of laborious composition work in the studio. The palette, dominated by the vaporous whites of tulle and the warm ochres of the floor, is punctuated by vivid touches of colored ribbons, guiding the eye through the apparent chaos. Psychologically, the work is a study of boredom and exhaustion. The dramatic tension does not stem from a central action, but from the multiplicity of micro-events. The contrast between the master's rigidity and the pupils' slackness highlights the duality of dance: an art of grace built on iron discipline. Degas captures "the moment between two poses," where the mask falls, offering a vision of the human condition through the prism of physical effort and waiting.
The Secret
One of the most fascinating secrets revealed by scientific imaging is that this painting underwent radical changes over the years. Initially, the perspective was less abrupt and the number of dancers was smaller. X-rays have shown that Degas entirely repainted the right side to include the empty floor space, reinforcing the effect of depth and the isolation of the characters. This is evidence of his chronic dissatisfaction and his quest for structural perfection. A mystery lies in the identity of the dancers. Although Degas used real models, he often transformed them into generic types. However, Jules Perrot, the ballet master, is represented with almost photographic fidelity. He was a personal friend of the artist and a former genius dancer. His presence in the painting is a tribute to the French ballet tradition of the Romantic era, just as the genre was beginning to decline in favor of cabaret shows. A verified anecdote concerns the commission of the work. It was intended for the famous baritone and collector Jean-Baptiste Faure. Degas, unable to detach himself from his canvas, kept it for over two years after the scheduled delivery date, constantly retouching it. Faure had to show immense patience before he could finally hang this masterpiece in his gallery. Finally, pigment analysis has revealed the early use of certain synthetic violets and emerald greens that Degas was particularly fond of to render the effect of light filtering through invisible windows on the left. These chromatic choices, bold for the time, show how the artist used color science to recreate the stuffy, dusty atmosphere of Parisian rehearsal rooms.

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Quiz

What is the old ballet master doing in the center of the scene?

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Institution

Musée d'Orsay

Location

Paris, France